Short Research Proposal On Fear Of Crime

Preoperative Hair Removal Carried Out As Skin Preparation Nursing Essay

Preoperative Hair Removal Carried Out As Skin Preparation Nursing Essay Customarily preoperative hair evacuation has been completed as skin arrangement strategy to diminish presentation to microscopic organisms which may prompt careful site diseases (SSI) (Gottrup et al 2005). SSIs are characterized by Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as shallow, profound entry point and organ contamination. As per Miller (2001) hair has been evacuated for such explanation as wound asepsis, reasonable situation of swathes, and access to usable site and exact estimation of wound edges. In spite of the fact that preoperative hair evacuation has been by and by since eighteenth century its effect on the injury site has been under dispute and in this manner pulled in the creators enthusiasm for looking for methods of hair expulsion without skin harm. Anyway there are worries that hair expulsion increments as opposed to diminishes contamination, in an examination completed by Astegnau et al (2001) to recognize mortality and bleakness identified with careful site disease recom mended that shaving expanded the danger of disease by encouraging colonization of microorganisms in the working site. Numerous associations, Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses (AORN2006) and Association for Perioperative Practice (AFPP2007) have moved away from hair evacuation. There is no lucidity in writing with respect to the beginning of preoperative hair evacuation, yet analysts finish up to the way that the specialists of the time accepted that injuries may recuperate all the more rapidly if hair could be kept from getting ensnared in the stitches and twisted during conclusion (Miller et al 2001). Shaving with a razor validated the development of preoperative hair expulsion in a precise writing survey by Kjonnisken et al (2002) as a built up training dependent on suspicion of forestalling careful site contamination. Some different strategies, electric cut-out and depilatory creams have been featured as having lower postoperative injury contamination rates. Hair is related with poor cleanliness propensities since it harbors microorganisms and expelling it is thought to lessen careful diseases (Kumar 2002). Hair expulsion is finished by shaving with either a razor or a scissors which are accepted to cause both obvious and infinitesimal wounds (Briggs1997). The harm brought about by a razor or a scissors can discharge greenery giving access to serous exudates on which smaller scale life forms may develop (Small 1996). Skin is constantly a chasing ground for microorganisms. When the skins defensive boundary is decreased principally by a specialists entry point, microorganisms can conceivably debase the injury. Loius Pasteur in affirmation of the current comprehension into the universe of disease estimated in his germ hypothesis that undetectable microorganisms could cause careful contamination on the off chance that they picked up passage through the messed up skin (Fogg 2003). A national review in 2004 proposes that careful site contaminations builds patients medical clinic remain, and expands medicinal services cost by postponing wound mending, this causes major physical restrictions and decreased personal satisfaction (Whitehouse et al 2002). On the off chance that happening after release the patient is probably going to be readmitted which is a weight to the patient and can even reason passing (Plowman 2000). Careful site contaminations happens inside 30 days after medical procedure, oozes discharge and shows one of the accompanying manifestations torment, confined growing and redness as per the Center for Disease Control (1999). While once acknowledged as a standard practice for surgeries, hair evacuation is currently being considered in incredible profundity in the examination. This exposition will audit the job of hair expulsion in the perioperative setting and its effect on careful site contaminations. The creator will talk about research with respect to medical caretakers and specialists information on suggested rules on hair expulsion strategies, examination and timing of hair evacuation techniques and their relationship to occurrences of careful site contaminations. Catchphrases utilized for the inquiry are preoperative skin arrangement, hair expulsion, preoperative razor shaving, electric section, depilatory creams and careful site contaminations. The databases used were CINAHL, Cochraine database of precise surveys, Health Source Nursing and Allied Health Science. The examinations were done in USA, UK, Canada and Turkey. Hair Removal Methods Razor shaving is the least expensive and most ordinarily utilized hair expulsion technique (Tanner et al. 2007). Utilizing a sharp cutting edge held with the leader of the razor that is attracted to the patients skin to trim hair near the skin surface. Razor shaving increments bacterial contamination rates (Basevi Lavender 2001). Another technique involves the utilization of scissors that utilizations fine teeth to evacuate hair near the skin leaving stubble of generally one millimeter long. Heads are expendable and handles are sanitized between patients to limit danger of cross disease (Tanner et al. 2006). A further technique is the utilization of depilatory creams that uses synthetic substances, which breaks down the patients hair. Cream must be in contact with the hair for between 5-20 minutes. A fix test ought to be completed 24 hours before utilizing the cream as certain patients can create hypersensitive responses and some have touchy skins (Kjonnisken et al .2002). Mill operator et al. (2001) led a review study looking at all patients who experienced intracranial techniques in the last two and half years where hair was not shaved, to patients done three and half years back that were shaved, to decide if no hair expulsion increment post usable disease rate. Results were reported as minor, moderate and serious. Of the 250 subjects utilized 150 patients were not shaved and 7% created post usable injury contamination contrasted with 6.6% diseases in the shaved gathering. There was no measurable importance in these discoveries however the example size is huge for a hierarchical setting anyway the finding couldn't be summed up dependent on this number. An exploratory investigation was performed on 82 patients who experienced stomach medical procedure between November 30th May 2005 to decide the impact of preoperative hair evacuation on post employable injury contamination. Patients were told the point of the examination and they marked assents. Incor poration measures were patients who had not been hospitalized inside the most recent 30 days and didnt have contaminations while being conceded. Control bunch with 39 patients were razor shaved and on 43 for study bunch scissors were utilized. Patients were watched for indications of SSI two days post operatively and 7% of the investigation bunch created SSI contrasted with 25.6 % in the benchmark group. The outcomes are measurably noteworthy yet the example size is little and the way that stomach medical procedures are seen dirtier than lower appendages makes discoveries difficult to sum up anyway the time span and the examination configuration used would have empowered the foundation of meticulousness for the discoveries to be solid. The examination take-up in this manner will be better with an expanded example size. Despite the fact that the most recent investigations are supporting hair cutting (Tanner et al 2006). (Boyce Pittet 2002), additional examinations should be done. A twofold visually impaired forthcoming examination was completed between 2000-2004 for all patients experiencing spinal medical procedure (Celik et al. 2007 ) to decide the impact of razor shaving and expanded pace of postoperative site contamination contrasted with no hair expulsion. The shaved gathering comprised of 371 subjects and the unshaved gathering included 418 subjects. Patients were completely educated about the investigation and assents acquired. The subjects were arbitrarily allotted by pre-careful shaving status. Prohibition models included patients with skin conditions skin break out, furuncle and sebaceous pimple, patients with healthful insufficiency and ailments like diabetes and malignant growth. Same skin arrangements were done in the two gatherings. The two subjects got prophylactic anti-infection agents. Postoperatively, the two gatherings were watched for indications of contamination redness expanding and purulent release and bloods taken to check erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Contamination was higher in the shaved gathering (p=.01) 4 patients in a shaved gathering (1.07%) created disease and in just 1 patient in the unshaved gathering (0.23%). The discoveries propose that preoperative hair expulsion increments postoperative contaminations. This examination was morally affirmed and both procedure and point were clear and succinct. These all affirm its unwavering quality anyway giving anti-infection agents during strategies may cover the outcomes making the investigation be problematic. A randomized control study was led by (Menendez et al. 2004) expecting to survey the impacts of preoperative shaving of pubic hair on postoperative bacterium after urological medical procedure. An example size of 300 patients was utilized. 149 patients were shaved and 151 were not shaved. In the two gatherings pee tests were taken for culture before being given prophylactic anti-microbial and again at multi week before the catheter was expelled. In the shaved gathering 19.5% created disease when contrasted with 16.6% in the non-shaved gathering. The thing that matters was seen not as measurably critical. The outcomes depended on testing pee tests than in the injuries making the investigation invalid. There is no lucidity about moral contemplations and if the point and motivation behind the examination was disclosed to the subjects and whether the assent acquired was educated. The prophylactic organization of the anti-toxins makes the examination to be temperamental and not legitimate . In Cochraine coordinated effort audit information Tanner et al. (2007) led eleven randomized controlled preliminaries to assess the impacts of routine preoperative hair evacuation with razor rather than no hair expulsion in postoperative disease. The creators reasoned that there is no adequate proof to demonstrate that hair evacuation causes an expanded danger of careful site diseases. Anyway the examination recommended the utilization of scissors or depilatory cream when important to evacuate hair with a thought that the two techniques brings about less careful site contaminations. Correlation of hair evacuation strategies Trussell et al. (2008) led a thirty n

Presentation Topics For Students in School

Presentation Topics For Students in SchoolPresentation topics for students in school are extremely important. This is so because, if it is handled properly, the student can be greatly benefited by the process. Not only will the student gain from the information but they can also be taught new ideas and concepts that can enhance their future career. Here are some tips on how to choose presentation topics for students in school.For starters, students should know that every teacher and school in the country have specific syllabus that should be followed. Each school has its own topics that students should study. These topics are specified in every class curriculum and they are designed to be included in each unit. So when the students are assigned a topic, they need to pick out the one that they feel most comfortable with. This will make it easier for them to study because they will be spending more time on the subject.If they cannot determine which subject is more suitable, then the st udents should ask their teachers. They can make suggestions based on their experience in teaching. These ideas should also be confirmed before teachers present the assignment to the students. It is not fair to the students if they are given a subject that they do not feel comfortable with.After all is said and done, the students should then decide on the type of material they want to learn so that they can write about in their such assignment. The subjects include math, English, science, social studies, and other various subjects that are needed to help the students learn new concepts in a fun way. This is so because, it would be difficult for them to learn new things if they have to sit down every day and do nothing but study.There are many different types of topics that the students can choose from depending on their interests. For example, there are topics that involve students in a sports team. When this is done, the students are more likely to have fun and be active while doing the research. They can even be made to work hard in the class in order to get better grades.There are many different types of topics that are available in the market today. As a result, students can go ahead and choose any topic that they want to learn. The topic could be related to geography, history, or any other subjects that are interesting to them. In this way, they can have fun while learning something new.But it is not always easy to come up with your own presentation topics for students in school. Teachers have often times spent a lot of time and effort in teaching students the subject. If they cannot find a topic that is appealing to them, they may feel bored and frustrated because they did not find anything to get them interested in the topic. For this reason, they may lose interest in the subject.One way to overcome this problem is to choose an interesting topic that will get the students excited about the topic. This can be done through creating a new format that will a llow the students to speak about their ideas. By presenting it in a humorous way, they can help get the students to feel as if they are taking part in a presentation.

Essay on Traditions of Qin Han, China - 652 Words

Traditions of Qin Han, China The Qin dynasty created the first unified Chinese empire. They did this by utilizing a legalistic approach to government. The Qin believed that the nature of mankind is inherently evil and only through a strict code of laws with severe punishment could the government achieve reliability and stability. Because the emperor feared the people and the inherent rights and privileges established with the teachings of Confucus, he ordered all books on Confucianism burned and beheaded everyone opposed to the government including their families. All weapons owned by private citizens were confiscated; the metal from these weapons were used to cast the gigantic metal statutes and bells that adorned the imperial†¦show more content†¦After fifteen years of rule this dynasty was overthrown by the Han dynasty. Legalism without the balance of humanism creates fear, low self worth, tension and a displaced value system. Although the Qin government was condemned for its Totalitarian rule, the Han and later dynasties adopted many of the government institutions established by the Qin. The Imperial authority served as a bureaucracy, an administration of provinces and counties supervised by imperial inspectors and the separation of civil and military branches of the government. The Han dynasty rule represented the high point of Chinese culture in the east. The intellectual and cultural foundations were a powerful influence on Korea, Vietnam and Japan. In restoring Confucianism to China, the Han government put their faith in the good of humanity. Under this system moral living by the people was paramount in the health of the government. The people were punished fairly (punishment fit the crime) for wrong doing but were encouraged to treat each other fairly, honor your parents, teachers, bosses, and governmental leaders. As an upper class, commoner or slave you were all important to the success of the government. Strength of the people and increased knowledge were s tressed to create a more stable viable society. Each class of people had their place in the government and should not aspire to reach anyShow MoreRelatedThe Unification Of China And Han Dynasty873 Words   |  4 Pages The unification of China was under the dynasties Qin and Han. There were formed schools of thought called Confucians, Daoists, and Legalists. These school of thoughts worked to bring political and social stability to China during the rule of the late Zhou dynasty which were chaotic years. Legalist principles and imposed centralized imperial rule were adopted by rulers of the Qin and Han dynasties. Political stability was the foundation of economic prosperity for the Han dynasty. There was a searchRead MoreLegalism and Confucianism in the Han Dyansty1670 Words   |  7 Pagesforeign to most dynasties of early China. In early Chinese times, after the Period of the Warring States, two ideologies emerged: Legalism and Confucianism. Legalism stressed a strong central go vernment that expressed harsh laws while Confucianism had a decentralized government, placing trust in conscientious and learned individuals to work together to solve political issues. These two schools of thought were in stark contrast to each other and, up until the Han dynasty, had never been combined withRead MoreEssay on Formation of the Chinese Civilization767 Words   |  4 PagesCivilization The Chinese civilization was first started during the Xia (2200 BCE-1750 BCE). This it during this era that Chinese people would start to improve upon previous Civilizations. In this essay will see how China progressed throughout history to what it has become based on the their ability to learn from other civilizations and improve upon their own. Agriculture was the bases for all civilizations. They learned ways to cultivateRead MoreEngineer Wonders of the Qin and Han Dynasties to The Roman Empire851 Words   |  3 PagesI have been fortunate enough through my travels to have trans versed the Great Wall of China, which was constructed by Qin Shihuang in order to unify the six states, he ordered General Meng Tian to connect the existing walls and to extend them further as a front line defense against possible invasion, it was an exhilarating experience, the piece of the wall I started to ascend, it was extremely steep with four levels, the configuration of the wall was unusual, in the design of the steps, they wereRead MoreChinese Philosophy Essay1408 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophies, Ancient China was in a state of complete chaos. The duration of anarchy was named The Warring States Period, a period in which small feuding kingdoms or fiefdoms struggled for supremacy. It took place in the Zhou dynasty from 403 bc . to 221bc. The period was dominated by seven or more small feuding Chinese kingdoms. It was the age of Confucian thinkers Mencius and Xunzi, and the time when many of the government institutions and cultural patterns that would characterize China for the next 2Read MoreThe Trade Networks And The Persian Civilizations1123 Words   |  5 Pagesfacilitate commercial activities, and linking lands from India to Egypt in a vast commercial zone. Religions spread along the trade networks. Religious and cultural traditions were transformed as they spread. The spread of disease pathogens diminished urban populations and contributed to the decline of some empires (such as Rome or China). A spread of crops, including sugar, rice, and cotton from south Asia to the Middle East encouraged changes in farming and irrigation techniques (such as the developmentRead MoreHow China s Isolation Affected Itself?2161 Words   |  9 Pagesaffected itself? What traditions did the Chinese develop? Patterns in Classical China What dynasties were widely known in China? What has the Zhou dynasty accomplished? What were the alliances like? What became of the Yangtze River Valley? What did the Zhou dynasty work to do? Qin Dynasty Who took over after the fall of the Zhou dynasty? What accomplishments were made during the Qin dynasty? Han Dynasty What was accomplished in the Han dynasty? Read MoreYin And Yang : What Do The Chinese? Believe About Nature?3063 Words   |  13 Pagesin the classical period, for China? Name all of them in order When did the Zhou dynasty start to decline? What were the people who received land from the ruler supposed to give the government in return for the land? What was the main reason the Zhou dynasty in decline? What was the standard spoken language in China during this time called? Who was the person who gave China its name? What was built to help protect Northern China from invaders? 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Although Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism had a few things in common and at times tried to resolve the same problem, they were very different from each other in their beliefs, character, and ways of life. Confucianism was founded by the first Chinese

Behavioral Indicators Of Sexual Abuse Essay - 1772 Words

Behavioral indicators of sexual abuse include: ï€ ¾ Inappropriate relationship between victim and suspected abuser ï€ ¾ Avoidance of a caretaker or other member of community ï€ ¾ Inappropriate, unusual, or aggressive sexual behavior ï€ ¾ Avoiding activities that you usually help with, like changing clothes or bathing Financial Exploitation/Abuse Financial abuse references the exploitation of an elderly person’s assets, income, or other resources. This is a very common form of elderly abuse, since the elderly may be wealthy from a lifetime of saving, vulnerable from diminishing mental capacity, and/or trusting because of their reliance on others. The following are some of the more common types of financial abuse (cons, scams, and fraud are covered separately, in the next section). Financial abuse of the elderly comes in many, many forms. It may include: ï€ ¾ Directly taking money or property by stealing from their purse, wallet, or home ï€ ¾ The abuser writing a check themselves ï€ ¾ Withdrawing funds from an ATM or bank account ï€ ¾ Cashing checks and then keeping a portion or all of the funds ï€ ¾ Forging the elderly person’s signature for financial gain ï€ ¾ Stealing their identity to take out credit cards or other debt ï€ ¾ Getting an older person to change their will, or turn over power of attorney through deception or coercion ï€ ¾ Having an elderly person sign over property for exploitative purposes ï€ ¾ Using the their property without permission, like renting out their second home ï€ ¾ Taking paymentShow MoreRelatedSexual Exploitation And Assault Of A Minor892 Words   |  4 PagesThe sexual exploitation or assault of a minor is the definition of childhood sexual abuse (Burns, Dunn, Brady, Starr Blosser, 2013). 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The victims that are affected by physical abuse are not classified by any type ofRead MoreDifferent Types Of Abuses During The United States1736 Words   |  7 PagesDifferent Types of Abuses The advances in medicine have greatly benefitted the world at large. This can be seen largely in both the mortality and longevity rate which have dramatically increased as a result of medical advances. No other demographics have profited from these medical breakthrough than the senior citizen or the elderly particularly in the United States. The National Center on Elder Abuse which is a part of the Department of Health and Human Services notes by 2050, people of the agesRead MorePhysical Indicators Of Sexual Abuse1235 Words   |  5 Pagesbe coerced into lying to protect the abuser. (Indicators of Abuse) Physical Indicators of sexual abuse can be harder to see than those of physical abuse this is because most often, if there are any physical signs they are hidden. 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BODY: MAIN POINT 1: Lets explore what exactly domestic violence is.  · Domesticviolence.org Defines Domestic Violence and emotional abuse as behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control, gain or maintain power over the other. Partners may be married or not married; heterosexual, gay, or lesbian; living together, separated or dating. -- As defined by the Collins EnglishRead MoreNVQ Level 3 - princples of safeguarding and protection in health and social care1451 Words   |  5 Pagescare. 1.1 Physical abuse is when someone hits you or hurts your body. Sexual abuse is when someone touches your body in a way you do not like, sexual abuse can also be when someone wants you to touch them or to wanting you to have sex with them when you don’t want to. Emotional abuse is when someone keeps saying hurtful things that upset you. Financial abuse is when someone takes your money or belongings from you without your permission, someone who is committing financial abuse may also force youRead MoreSexual Elderly Abuse And Mistreatment1412 Words   |  6 Pages Sexual Elderly Abuse Mistreatment When I first started the research on sexual elderly abuse I know that it happens but didn’t know the extent of the finding until now how much emotional, physical, sexual, and financial mistreatment and potential neglect that our elderly endure. Elder sexual abuse is understudied and rarely understood. It is difficult to seek justice for elderly sexual abuse because the victims are over the age of 60 and frequently have medical conditions such as loss of memoryRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children895 Words   |  4 PagesAbuse is an issue that has been and is still currently prevalent in our society today. Abuse is defined as, â€Å"the use of force in order to try to dominate a child, to compel him/her to do dangerous things that he/she does not want to do, expose him/her to hazardous situations perceive by him/her as dangerous† (Rus Galabeaza, 2013). Child abuse in particular, is a common issue that occurs in families of all backgrounds. There are several types of abuse, which include: physical, emotional, and sexual

Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls free essay sample

Oprah Winfrey, a born heroin Introduction: The word hero means a lot of things to different people. To some, a hero is like the main character in a movie who saves people in danger, who protect them and who submits himself in a difficult and dangerous situation Just to help other people in trouble. But what makes a hero? What are the characteristics of a hero and how one becomes a hero? I. Characteristics of a hero I have identified three main characteristics of a hero and these are courage, perseverance and decisiveness. Miriam Polster wrote in her article Eves Daughter published by Gestalt Journal Press in 2001, the Five Shared Characteristic of Heroism and identified courage as one of the most particular trait of being a hero. To quote, It is almost redundant to say that heroism requires courage, both physical and mental; personal cost takes a backseat to getting the Job done. The traditional hero often risks death or injury. A person shows courage in times where situation is dangerous and difficult and this quality enables a person to face a danger without showing fear and oftentimes the urpose is to fght for the cause of other people, thus making him a hero. Perseverance on the other hand demonstrate a persons determination and to be able to bear difficulties calmly without complaining. Lastly, decisiveness gives a person the quality to lead others, make decisions firmly and fght for it no matter what. II. Oprah Winfrey as my hero Oprah Winfrey is a very popular TV personality in US whose fame reached all over the world because of her philanthropic acts. I consider her a hero/heroin for so many things but most importantly because of her courage, perseverance and decisiveness o overcome her unfortunate life as a child yet did not stop her from helping other people of different kinds and races. Despite her status on life, she remained humble and down to earth. A lot of publication about Oprah Winfreys life had been published and it described her horrible experience during her childhood. Born to young unwed parents, it was her grandmother who took care of her until the age of six. She was taken back by her mother however the difficulties begun when she was repeatedly abused sexually by her cousin, uncle and other relatives. This made her stubborn, angry and always running from home. At the custody of her father, Oprah got pregnant at the age of 14 and delivered an immature baby boy who died 2 weeks after. This might have turned her life around as she promised herself to stand up and start a new life. IV. Career and Professional Life Ever since she was in her younger years, she demonstrated her interests in reading books and media in general so with the help of her father, she landed a Job as a reporter in a radio station and continued to pursue a career in television roadcasting. Finally, she started her first TV show in 1976 entitled People Are Talking. Being a good-natured person, she constantly won the hearts of her audience and topped the ratings even when she moved to Chicago and hosted her own morning program. In 1986, she started the Oprah Winfrey Show and until today Oprah continued to be the most watched program in the world as her stories captured the sensibilities of all people, mostly ordinary ones. V. Major Works: Philanthropy Being a celebrity comes with responsibility. Famous people have the power to nfluence, help and touch the lives of others. As she climb up in her career, Oprah decided to establish a foundation called Oprahs Angel Network to encourage people to make a difference in the lives of others. Being exposed with people who she knew were capable of giving and sharing their blessings, Oprah became a significant bridge. According to the Angel network website, the foundation spreads its help not only in the US but also in Africa and Asia working on different aspects mostly on children and womens welfare. Projects include providing better education, giving of books, food, shelter, Justice, peace, empowerment of women among others. In her official biography published in her website www. oprah. om, she is described as a philanthropist and known for her commitment to children. During a December 2000 visit with Nelson Mandela, Oprah pledged to build a school Leadership Academy Foundation, to which she has contributed more than $40 million toward the creation of the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls†South Africa, which opened in January 2007. Aside from this foundation, Oprah also supports other charities even if it is not affiliated with the Angel Network and additio nally working on her private foundation donating her personal money. VI. Future Plans Earlier this year, Oprah announced that this year would be the final year for her show that saddened a lot o people. But talks of her starting her own network next year was also a probability. One thing is sure however and this is her continuous work on her passion- helping other people. This shows her perseverance to share all the blessings she gained. In ne of her interview, she said that doing charity is her way of life and nobody can ever stop her from doing it. VI. Conclusion Heroes are known for their courage, perseverance and decisiveness and they are usually honored because of the extraordinary things they do to help others. Oprah is a classic example of this. But we have to remember that a lot of people though can be a hero in their own little way. As long as their intention is pure and they are willing to sacrifice, fight for what is right and make a difference in the lives of other people, then they too can be our heroes.

The Evolution of Apple January 1976 to May 1995 Essay Example For Students

The Evolution of Apple January 1976 to May 1995 Essay Lets take a trip back in time and review the evolution of a computer company. Its not IBM or Microsoft. This company is Apple Computers, Incorporated. In the year 1976, before most people even thought about buying a computer fortheir homes. Back then the computer community added up to a few brainyhobbyist. So when Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs sold a van and two programmablecalculators for thirteen hundred dollars and started Apple Computers, Inc., inJobs garage, the reach for success seemed far. We will write a custom essay on The Evolution of Apple January 1976 to May 1995 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But these two young business men, Wozniak 26 years old and Jobs 21 years old,had a vision. Computers arent for nerds anymore, they announced. Computersare going to be the bicycle of the mind. Low cost computers for everyone.From the first day on the founders of Apple kept their vision intact, and theyspoke it at every turn. They only hired people into the company that had thesame visions as they did. In early 1976 Wozniak and Jobs finish work on a preassembled computer circuitboard. It has no Product keyboard, case, sound or graphics. They call it theApple I. They form the Apple Computer Company on April Fools Day and sold theApple I board for $666.66 at the Home brew Computer Club in Palo Alto,California. In 1977 the Apple II is available to the general public. Fully assembled andpretested, it includes 4K of standard memory, and comes equipped with two gamepaddles and a demo cassette. The price is $1,298. Customers use their own TVset as a monitor and store programs on audio cassette recorders. Compare thisprice with computers today. The price about the same, but the computer haschanged tremendously. In 1979 Apple II+ is introduced, available with 48K of memory and a newauto-start ROM for easier startup and screen editing for $1,195. Apple IIPascal is also released. In 1980 Apple FORTRAN introduced and proves to be a catalyst for high-leveltechnical and educational applications. Apple III announced at the NationalComputer Conference. It has a new operating system, a built-in disk controllerand four peripheral slots priced at $3,495, the Apple III is the most advancedsystem in the companys history. ProductIn 1981 Accessory Products Division formed to handle production of printers,modems and other peripherals. The Apple Language Card is introduced. It allowsApple II users to run programs in either Pascal, FORTRAN or Pilot. The IEEE-488interface card is announced and allows Apple II computers to be linked to over1,400 scientific and technical instruments. International Business Machines came on the PC scene in August of 1981 with theIBM Personal Computer. Apple greets its new competitor with a full-page ad inthe Wall Street Journal with a headline that reads, Welcome IBM. Seriously.Apples first mass storage system was also introduced this year, the 5MBProFile hard disk, priced at $3,499. In November of 1983 AppleWorks, an integrated package containing wordprocessing, spreadsheet, and database applications all in one, is introducedand will soon become the worlds best selling software. In February of 1985 Jobs and Wozniak receive National Technology Medal fromPresident Reagan at the White House. The ImageWriter II, HD-20 hard disk andApple Personal Modem were also introduced this year. In January of 1987 Apple introduced a new desktop communications productsincluding the AppleShare file server software and AppleTalk PC Card. They arepriced at $799 and $399. Also introduced in 1987 is the AppleFax Modem, pricedat $699. Now you get a fax modem with the purchase of an Apple computer. .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac , .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .postImageUrl , .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac , .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:hover , .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:visited , .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:active { border:0!important; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:active , .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: On the Roads optimism EssayIn February of 1988 Apple introduces AppleCD SC, an optical storage device thatgives access to huge amounts of information. Priced at $1,199, a single CD-ROMdisc can store up to 270,000 pages of typewritten information. Also in 1988Apple files suit against Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard to protect its Macintoshaudio visual display. The lawsuit is seen as having industry wide implicationsregarding copyright laws. In late 1988 Apple introduces the Macintosh IIxcomputer, priced at $7,769. It is the first Macintosh II computer to useMotorolas 68030 microprocessor and 68882 math co-processor. It is also thefirst Macintosh to incorporate FDHD, Floppy Dr ive High Density, Apples new1.44MB floppy disk drive that can read and write to MS-DOS, OS/2 and ProDOSformats. Also a new configuration is announced for the Macintosh SE. The newunit features two megabytes of RAM and an internal 40 megabyte hard drive. Itretails for $5,069. From April till July of 1989

Stryker Corporation Case Essays

Stryker Corporation Case Essays Stryker Corporation Case Paper Stryker Corporation Case Paper Stryker Corporation Deciding whether to keep outsourcing or in-source PCBs Stryker Corporation has 3 different options regarding the supply of needed PCBs. Option 1: contemplates the fact of keeping the same suppliers but with significant changes in order to assure continuous supply of PCBs and quality. No investment is needed. Option 2: establishing a partner with a single supplier. This way there would be a sole supplier for Stryker established in a new facility near them, this would give more certainty and control over continuous supply and quality standards. Again, no investment is needed. Option 3: in-source the PCB’s, there is a project for investing and owning a plant for producing their own PCB’s, this way they would assure a continuous supply and have 100% control over quality standards. In this case, there is a big amount of capital that should be invested, which is needed to be analyzed in order to see whether it is viable for the company or not. The case present several information regarding expected production costs for in-sourcing and expected purchases for outsourcing. Since there is no projected information of Income Statement, then the only cash flow analysis that can be made is by comparing the efficiency gained by in-sourcing the PCBS compared to the costs of keep buying the PCBs. The case contemplates the projected comparison from 2004 to 2009 of the costs of buying PCBs from an external supplier and the costs of making the PCBs. What we will analyze is the positive cash flow that is derived from the cost improvement of making the PCBs compared to outsourcing them. The sum of these annual savings should be a positive cash flow for the company via a cost reduction. In Exhibit 2, the case presents the comparison of the costs incurred between outsourcing and in-sourcing the PCBs. The in source cost of production contemplates Depreciation Expense as a part of Fixed Cost, what we will do is subtract out of the Fixed Cost all of the Depreciation Expenses because they are not actually part of the cash flow, Depreciation Expense is only an Expense that is recognized because of the lost of value of Assets as Equipment, but it actually doesn’t imply an outflow for the company. Another thing to consider is the re investment in Assets such as Furnishings and non-manufacturing equipment, and Communication Equipment and IT infrastructure, both are expected to fully depreciate in 3 years, so there has to be a re investment of both assets. We will calculate the NPV, IRR and Payback Period, but we need to see the cash flow, but first we show the depreciation calculus: Cash Flow The payback period is less than 5 years; we can see it in the next graph, where the line crosses the X axis in the point 4. 7, which is the calculated payback period. We can see that the NPV is kind of low, but having control of the supply chain in terms of timing for the materials and the finished goods is a plus, also the quality would be higher as new equipment is more reliable and precise adding the strict manufacturing methods of Stryker Corporation, would achieve these results. About the IRR we can say that it is high compared to the contemporaneous interest rate data for the year 20 03, where the highest interest rate is 6. 8 for Moody’s Baa Long-term investment. This is also a good point for the project. We can conclude that the project for in-sourcing it’s a good option to be implemented as the financial calculation has showed us, Stryker Corporation also has the means to do that investment as 6 million is low compared to the 329 million that the company had in 2002, to avoid sourcing and quality problems in-sourcing is the best option.

Olvidar Conjugation in Spanish, Translations, Examples

Olvidar Conjugation in Spanish, Translations, Examples Olvidar is the Spanish verb for to forget, although it can also refer to leaving something behind, even if done intentionally. To conjugate  olvidar  follow the pattern for regular -ar verbs. This article includes the conjugations for all the simple tenses of olvidar: the present and imperfect tenses in the indicative and subjunctive moods; the indicative preterite and future; the conditional; and the imperative or command forms. Youll also find the past and present participle, which are used  for the compound tenses. Among the few Spanish words derived from olvidar are olvido (an oversight or minor error) and olvidadizo (forgetful). Present Indicative Tense of Olvidar Yo olvido I forget Yo olvido las llaves de la casa. T olvidas You forget T olvidas las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella olvida You/he/she forgets l olvida la letra de la cancin. Nosotros olvidamos We forget Nosotros olvidamos los pasos de baile. Vosotros olvidis You forget Vosotros olvidis los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidan You/they forget Ellos olvidan los malos momentos. Olvidar Preterite The preterite  is one of the two simple past tenses of Spanish. It is used for actions that occurred over a definite time. The other past tense, the imperfect, is for actions that occurred during an indefinite period. Yo olvid I forgot Yo olvid las llaves de la casa. T olvidaste You forgot T olvidaste las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella olvid You/he/she forgot l olvid la letra de la cancin. Nosotros olvidamos We forgot Nosotros olvidamos los pasos de baile. Vosotros olvidasteis You forgot Vosotros olvidasteis los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidaron You/they forgot Ellos olvidaron los malos momentos. Imperfect Indicative Form of Olvidar The imperfect form can be translated to English as used to forget. Yo olvidaba I used to forget Yo olvidaba las llaves de la casa. T olvidabas You used to forget T olvidabas las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella olvidaba You/he/she used to forget l olvidaba la letra de la cancin. Nosotros olvidbamos We used to forget Nosotros olvidbamos los pasos de baile. Vosotros olvidabais You used to forget Vosotros olvidabais los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidaban You/they used to forget Ellos olvidaban los malos momentos. Olvidar Future Tense There is little difference in meaning between the simple future and the periphrastic future, although the latter is more colloquial or informal. Yo olvidar I will forget Yo olvidar las llaves de la casa. T olvidars You will forget T olvidars las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella olvidar You/he/she will forget l olvidar la letra de la cancin. Nosotros olvidaremos We will forget Nosotros olvidaremos los pasos de baile. Vosotros olvidaris You will forget Vosotros olvidaris los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidarn You/they will forget Ellos olvidarn los malos momentos. Periphrastic Future of Olvidar Yo voy a olvidar I am going to forget Yo voy a olvidar las llaves de la casa. T vas a olvidar You are going to forget T vas a olvidar las reglas del juego. Usted/l/ella va a olvidar You/he/she is going to forget l va a olvidar la letra de la cancin. Nosotros vamos a olvidar We are going to forget Nosotros vamos a olvidar los pasos de baile. Vosotros vais a olvidar You are going to forget Vosotros vais a olvidar los nombres de las personas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas van a olvidar You/they are going to forget Ellos van a olvidar los malos momentos. Present Progressive/Gerund Form of Olvidar The gerund, also known as the present participle, is used in making the continuous or progressive tenses. Gerund:  olvidando  (forgetting) Él est olvidando la letra de la cancià ³n.   Past Participle of Olvidar The past participle can be used as an adjective or in forming the perfect tenses. An example of the adjectival use is  los hà ©roes olvidados (the forgotten heroes). Participle:  olvidado  (forgotten) Él ha olvidado la letra de la cancià ³n.   Conditional Form of Olvidar As its name suggests, the  conditional  tense is used for actions that would occur if certain other conditions are met. Those conditions need not be explicitly stated, although they are in these examples. Yo olvidara I would forget Yo olvidara las llaves de la casa, pero las ato a mis pantalones. T olvidaras You would forget T olvidaras las reglas del juego, pero lo conoces muy bien. Usted/l/ella olvidara You/he/she would forget l olvidara la letra de la cancin, pero la escucha todos los das. Nosotros olvidaramos We would forget Nosotros olvidaramos los pasos de baile si no tuviramos un buen profesor. Vosotros olvidarais You would forget Vosotros olvidarais los nombres de las personas, pero tenis buena memoria. Ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidaran You/they would forget Ellos olvidaran los malos momentos si quisieran ser felices. Present Subjunctive of Olvidar The  present subjunctive deals with mood and is used in situations of doubt, desire, or emotion. Que yo olvide That I forget Violeta espera que yo olvide las llaves de la casa. Que t olvides That you forget Es una lstima que t olvides las reglas del juego. Que usted/l/ella olvide That you/he/she forget Rebeca espera que l olvide la letra de la cancin. Que nosotros olvidemos That we forget Pablo quiere que nosotros olvidemos los pasos de baile. Que vosotros olvidis That you forget David teme que vosotros olvidis los nombres de las personas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas olviden That you/they forget Jos espera que ellos olviden los malos momentos. Imperfect Subjunctive Forms of Olvidar The first of these options is more common and less formal. Option 1 Que yo olvidara That I forgot Violeta esperaba que yo olvidara las llaves de la casa. Que t olvidaras That you forgot Era una lstima que t olvidaras las reglas del juego. Que usted/l/ella olvidara That you/he/she forgot Rebeca esperaba que l olvidara la letra de la cancin. Que nosotros olvidramos That we forgot Pablo quera que nosotros olvidramos los pasos de baile. Que vosotros olvidarais That you forgot David tema que vosotros olvidarais los nombres de las personas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidaran That you/they forgot Jos esperaba que ellos olvidaran los malos momentos. Option 2 Que yo olvidase That I forgot Violeta esperaba que yo olvidase las llaves de la casa. Que t olvidases That you forgot Era una lstima que t olvidases las reglas del juego. Que usted/l/ella olvidase That you/he/she forgot Rebeca esperaba que l olvidase la letra de la cancin. Que nosotros olvidsemos That we forgot Pablo quera que nosotros olvidsemos los pasos de baile. Que vosotros olvidaseis That you forgot David tema que vosotros olvidaseis los nombres de las personas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas olvidasen That you/they forgot Jos esperaba que ellos olvidasen los malos momentos. Imperative Forms of Olvidar The imperative mood is used for giving direct commands. Imperative (Positive Command) T olvida Forget! Olvida las reglas del juego! Usted olvide Forget! Olvide la letra de la cancin! Nosotros olvidemos Lets forget! Olvidemos los pasos de baile! Vosotros olvidad Forget! Olvidad los nombres de las personas! Ustedes olviden Forget! Olviden los malos momentos! Imperative (Negative Command) T no olvides Dont forget! No olvides las reglas del juego! Usted no olvide Dont forget! No olvide la letra de la cancin! Nosotros no olvidemos Lets not forget! No olvidemos los pasos de baile! Vosotros no olvidis Dont forget! No olvidis los nombres de las personas! Ustedes no olviden Dont forget! No olviden los malos momentos!

Events Leading to the Creation of DHS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Events Leading to the Creation of DHS - Essay Example In a quest to prevent similar events as those of 9/11, specifically through assessing the events and circumstances that facilitated the orchestration of such a massively deadly event, the government was willing to assess any options and allocate any resources necessary that would prevent a similar occurrence. As such, the government had three main options to choose from that included sharing of power between various agencies, leaving the overall control to the White House, or establishing a congressional control. Critical decision was impending bearing in mind that the country was facing a challenge that was bigger than any natural disaster the country had seen before. This was bigger because in the history of the U.S, the only agency that had been mandated primarily to deal with terror treats was FEMA but it was still small as its capabilities were only domestic. Such previous ideas suggested that handling future possibilities that are connected with protecting the lives of Americans would require a broader entity. This suggested amalgamation of various agencies with the key idea in mind being central coordination of activities and sharing of information rather than centralizing the idea on mere control.

Difference and progression between an IBCT, HBCT and a Striker Brigade Essay

Difference and progression between an IBCT, HBCT and a Striker Brigade Combat Team - Essay Example Furthermore, an army is a collection of different elements working together. These elements are allotted to units as per the organization. Each group or organization has different characteristics. In army organization, factors like mobility, firepower and elements allotted determine its operational role. With recent developments in technology, efficiency of weapon systems has increased. This improved efficiency means manpower requirement has decreased over time. There is a need for compact and capable army units that can undertake tasks efficiently. To cater for new advancements in technology, the US Army is planned to undergo restructuring at basic level. Previously, an army division was the basic unit of action. This meant that an army division had the capability to undertake independent action through its own command channel. A division typically consists of three brigades. This number may vary as per operational role of the division. A typical conventional infantry division consisted of approximately 15,000 to 25,000 soldiers and command was centralized at this level (Kahn and McLemore 12). However, with the new reorganization, brigade has been made the basic unit of action. It has approximately 5,000 soldiers and still possesses the capabilities of a typical conventional army d ivision. This brigade group is called Brigade Combat Team or BCT. This basic unit or BCT is mixed with different elements to form combat teams. They are discussed in detail; This combat unit comprises of simple foot infantry and has a combat arms unit for specialized elements and weapons that are dedicated with this combat unit. Because of foot infantry, this unit is easy to move and deploy. It is flexible in operational capabilities. However, this unit has the least firepower and protection. The brigade is organized into one Special Task Battalion, two Infantry Battalions (plain or foot), one Reconnaissance Squadron, one Field Artillery Battalion and one Support Battalion

Violence in Schools Essay -- School Violence Crime Safety Education Es

Violence in schools is a problem that Americans have had to face at an ever increasing rate. Instead of fistfights, the issues are fatal, like school shootings. Violence is nationally defined as a physical force used to injure, damage or destroy (Guralnik, D., 1997, P.1490). In the past decade, students are using more than physical force. They are using deadly weapons to injure or kill their peers and authority figures, and to destroy school property. Safety is considered to be the freedom from danger and injury damage (Guralnik, D., 1997, P.1181); in other words, freedom from violence. Schools must ensure students and parents that above adequate measures -especially the three most successful- will be provided to make sure schools are safe. Violence has always been an issue among youths in the United States. Until recently, violence and aggression in American schools, in contrast to the more generic topic of youth violence, was not a focus of extensive scholarly research (Gottesman, R., 1999, P.357). It is an utter horror that the violence occurring on the streets has slowly made its way into the classroom. The 1997-1998 school year served as a dramatic wake-up call that guns are accessible to teens and they will use them to kill. Prior to the 1990s the general public rarely discussed or were affected by school related violence. It seemed to be expected in certain parts of the country-urban areas- but was never thought to reach to suburban and rural schools. Starting in late 1997, a chain reaction of appalling incidents spread from state to state. Following each tragedy was increased media attention and public awareness to this growing issue. Endless images of weeping parents and children were seen on every news... ...fe Havens. Portland, Oregon: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 46. Wallace, J., Fravil, K., and Behre, W., (1997). Social Work. School Social Workers and School Violence: Personal Safety, Training, and Violence Programs, 43, (3), 223-231. Gaustad, J. (1994). The Fundamentals of School Security. How Can Attitudes and Behaviors Be Changed to Make Schools Safer?., 2, (132), 98-99. Simmson, B. (1994). School Violence to School Safety. School Psychology, 23, (2), 236-256. Sandell, A. (2000). Alex 2000. Retrieved April 24, 2003, from the World Wide Web: http://www.juicycerebellum.com/debate2.htm. Dwyer, K., Osher, D., and Warger, C. (1998, August). Early warning, timely response: A guide to safe schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved April 29, from the World Wide Web: http://cecp.air.org/guide/earlywarning.htm.

Hiv Voluntary Counseling and Testing

Cyber-VCT Program The 2010 UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic states that based on the 2009 data, 33. 3 million people are living with HIV worldwide and Sub-Saharan Africa makes up 68% of the global total with 22. 5 million people living with HIV. 1 In an effort to address this epidemic, voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) programs have been implemented in many of rural and remote areas. VCT serves as the gateway to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support by allowing people to learn their HIV status.According to World Health Organization (WHO), knowledge of one’s HIV status benefits the individuals, community, and population through awareness and education. 2 Therefore, there have been great efforts to expand VCT services since inception over 20 years ago. Unfortunately, global participation remains low, especially in the remote areas. 3 Studies show that there are various reasons why people do not participate. Some of the main reasons are stigma, lack of awarene ss, lack of access, cost of the test, and test-related fears. Several VCT models have been implemented to address these concerns but research suggests that further work needs to be done. Organic Health Response (OHR) has piloted an innovative Cyber-VCT Program in Mfangano Island by using technology to attract residents to participate. The Cyber-VCT Program uses access to solar-powered internet as an incentive to attract people to do HIV testing. The people who participate become part of the Post-Test Club and have free access to the labs in the Cyber-VCT facility called Ekialo Kiona Center (EKC).The facility has confidential VCT rooms, solar-powered computer lab with satellite Internet, radio studio, seminar rooms, and an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Global report: UN AIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010† (UNAIDS, 2010: http://www. unaids. org/globalreport/documents/20101123_GlobalReport_full_en. pdf). 2 World Health Organization, â€Å"Scaling-up HIV testing and counselling services: a toolkit for programme managers. † (WHO Press, 2005: http://www. who. nt/hiv/pub/vct/counsellingtestingtoolkit. pdf) 3 Information from World Health Organization on HIV testing and counselling accessed May 4, 2011: http://www. who. int/hiv/topics/vct/en/ 4 Joseph K. B. Matovu and Frederick E. Makumbi, â€Å"Expanding access to voluntary HIV counselling and testing in sub-Saharan Africa: alternative approaches for improving uptake, 2001–2007,† Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12:2 (November 2007), pp. 1315-1322. Page 1 of 6   1 Cyber-VCT Program open-air amphitheater.The program provides access to the only internet / library facility on the island and according to OHR, needs assessment and ethnographic research have sh own that residents are enthusiastic about having access to technology, which suggest the potential for program effectiveness. 5 There is a bi-annual membership renewal process where residents need to do individualized VCT session with a counselor from the International Medical Corps. This renewal process will provide the structure for more longitudinal effects.The ultimate goal of Cyber-VCT Program is to encourage voluntary counseling and testing, facilitate the process of referrals to Ministry of Health and FACES treatment programs, connect those who are HIV positive with locally formed psycho-social support, and improve dissemination of HIV education. It is more comprehensive and effective than community stand-alone VCT centers, mobile VCT, Routine offer of VCT or better known as provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC), and home-based VCT. These other VCT models have increased uptake but they have limitations that the Cyber-VCT program helps address.Stand-alone VCT ce nters values client initiation – people have to travel and access the services on their own but the stigma associated with it is a huge barrier that limits people from utilizing the services at the centers. The mobile VCT provides services with a mobile team traveling to communities in a van equipped with HIV-testing facilities. It addresses the issue of cost and accessibility but stigma and fears related to testing were not addressed. 6 PITC has proven to be effective in increasing participation through recommendations by providers to those attending health facilities.These patients are provided with the options to opt out but there were ethical concerns as to whether testing was actually voluntary because providers were not consistently counseling the patients Information from Organic Health Response website: http://organichealthresponse. org/cyber-vct-pilot. Jan Ostermann et al. , â€Å"Who tests, who doesn't, and why? Uptake of mobile HIV counseling and testing in the Ki limanjaro Region of Tanzania,† PLoS One 6:1 (January 2011) e16488. 6 5 Page 2 of 6 Cyber-VCT Program 7 thoroughly.Home-based VCT provides services at residents’ homes which addresses accessibility and cost concerns, in addition to eliminates the stigma resulting from being seen at a testing site, but it does not eliminate people’s fear of being stigmatized and rejected by their own family members. 8 The Cyber-VCT program is superior to these models because it helps to eliminate the stigma attached to getting HIV testing, ensures confidentiality, provide proper education, and focuses on sustainability through micro-clinic networks. The Cyber-VCT program has been pilot tested in Mfangano Island in Suba District Lake Victoria (West Kenya).OHR’s vision is to implement an effective comprehensive model starting with Mfangano Island and expanding it to the entire Lake Victoria through micro-clinic networks in hopes that the model can be implemented in other rural impoverished areas to continue fighting the HIV/AIDS epidemic worldwide. Mfangano Island is the appropriate pilot site because it has a population of 19,000 people with an estimate of over 30% local prevalence of HIV/AIDS. One of the major threats of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the island is the possible extinction of the indigenous Suba language and way of life.In addition, the neglected people of the island face various health, economic, political, environmental, and social issues. The island has no electricity and there is one road that circles the base of the island. The primary occupation is fishing and subsistence farming. The impoverished people rely on the Nile perch stock that has been the source of many other issues. The industrial Nile perch export fishery has resulted in unsafe â€Å"fish-for-sex† practices and natural resource depletion. The Nile perch stock has also caused interstate resource conflicts between Kenya and Uganda.Even worse is that   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mercy K. Njeru et al. , â€Å"Practicing provider-initiated HIV testing in high prevalence settings: Consent concerns and missed preventive opportunities,† BMC Health Services Research, 11:87 (April 2011): http://www. biomedcentral. com/1472-6963/11/87. 8 Edgar M. Mulogo et al. , â€Å"Facility and home based HIV Counseling and Testing: a comparative analysis of uptake of services by rural communities in southwestern Uganda,† BMC Health Services Research, 11:54 (March 2011): http://www. iomedcentral. com/1472-6963/11/54. Page 3 of 6   7 Cyber-VCT Program overfishing and the environmental issues are endangering the existence of the Nile perch stock. Overpopulation, deforestation, and unsustainable farming practices are the cause of these environment al issues. 9 OHR is taking a comprehensive multi-step approach starting with the Cyber-VCT program to address the complex interconnected issues feeding into the HIV/AIDS problem. OHR plans to sustain the program by building a local infrastructure with micro-clinic networks that empowers the communities.The Cyber-VCT program is the first layer that serves as the gateway to these networks. The networks are formed to encourage people to support each other in an organic way and make the program attractive to residents. Interested participants will go through a five-week social solidarity program to receive education and training on tools to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The workshops will take place at EKC. The goal is for the program participants to provide continuous support to their communities in micro-clinic teams of 5-25 people.In this way, an infrastructure is established for future innovation, such as organic farm plots, composting bio-gas latrines, solar cooking ovens, youth r adio, and other sustainable projects, to occur. Most importantly, the infrastructure empowers local communities rather than merely looking â€Å"western. † The objective is to develop a mutually beneficial connection between the local community-based organizations and the international health governance systems rather than having the impoverished rural communities depend only on international assistance.Global scalability will depend on proving the effectiveness of the comprehensive model because the model required a great amount of resources. Obtaining support and acquiring funding from various entities will be crucial. The cost of building the center (sustainable ferro  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Ripples of Dispute Surround Tiny Island in East Africa,† New York Times, August 16, 2009 (http://www. nytimes. com/2009/08/17/world/africa/17victoria. html). Page 4 of 6   9 Cyber-VCT Program ement design), research, program design, curriculum development, program staffing, implementation (community mobilization, training workshops) is estimated to be $339,000. This amount does not include the cost of land because it was donated by a community leader so the estimated cost for implementation at other areas may be higher. In addition, the $339,000 includes mostly upfront cost and further detailing of maintenance cost will need to be considered. Some of the maintenance cost will be related to technological equipment or systems, security, and infrastructure sustainability.A comparative study is necessary to show improvements in VCT uptake and HIV prevention, treatment, care and support, to attract funding for implementation in other remote impoverish areas that are affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Furthermore, each workshop within the sol idarity program will need to be closely evaluated to make improvements or eliminate any ineffective training and education. Beyond funding, the mutual beneficial relationship between the local communities and international organizations will also play an important role in scalability for resource stability.Strong local ownership of the program will also be invaluable. The networks will likely serve to engage residents organically because the micro-teams will consist of residents’ neighbors, friends, family members. Perhaps, to further encourage local ownership and stabilize the infrastructure, it may be effective to consider creating jobs for local residents to maintain the EKC and microclinics networks. Another layer to the program can be to train local residents to take on positions that may be initially be filled by international partners.OHR’s Cyber-VCT program strives to provide an innovation solution to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic in remote impoverished areas b y using technology. The program is more innovative than other VCT models in that people are incentivized to participate and become part of a network that is intended to build itself in an organic way. Furthermore, Cyber-VCT Page 5 of 6 Cyber-VCT Program program uses access to technology as cover and ensures confidentiality to address the people’s concern of being stigmatized, which is on the top of list of the many reasons why VCT participate rate remains low.Another way the program is more innovative is that it has a high chance of sustainability because of OHR’s focus on building a local infrastructure. The added benefit of establishing a local infrastructure is that it allows for further innovations to address other social, environmental, economic, political issues that are connected to the HIV/AIDS problem. In regards to scalability, securing funding by proving the effectiveness of the program, maintaining the mutually beneficial relationship between the local and nternational organizations, encouraging strong local empowerment, and other considerations such as creating local job opportunities for residents can help drive down cost and make the program scalable. As detailed in this paper, OHR’s Cyber-VCT program incorporated in the comprehensive model meets the five Tech Award evaluation criteria outlined on their website10 and is a great candidate for the award. 10 The Tech Awards Criteria: http://www. techawards. thetech. org/nominate/criteria/. Page 6 of 6

Timeline of Brown v. Board of Education

In 1954, in a unanimous decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state laws segregating public schools for African-American and white children were unconstitutional. The case, known as Brown v. Board of Education overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, which was handed down 58 years earlier. The U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling was a landmark case that cemented the inspiration for the Civil Rights Movement.   The case was fought through the legal arm of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which had been fighting civil rights battles since the 1930s. 1866 The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is established to protect the civil rights of African-Americans. The act guaranteed the right to sue, own property, and contract for work. 1868 The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified. The amendment grants the privilege of citizenship to African-Americans. It also guarantees that a person cannot be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law. It also makes it illegal to deny a person equal protection under the law. 1896 The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in an 8 to 1 vote that the â€Å"separate but equal† argument presented in the Plessy v. Ferguson case. The Supreme Court rules that if â€Å"separate but equal† facilities were available for both African-American and white travelers there was no violation of the 14th Amendment. Justice Henry Billings Brown wrote the majority opinion, arguing The object of the [Fourteenth] amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to endorse social, as distinguished from political, equality[...] If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane. The sole dissenter, Justice John Marshal Harlan, interpreted the 14th Amendment in another way contending that â€Å"our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens.† Harlan’s dissenting argument would support later arguments that segregation was unconstitutional.   This case becomes the basis for legal segregation in the United States. 1909 The NAACP is established by W.E.B. Du Bois and other civil rights activists. The purpose of the organization is to fight racial injustice through legal means. The organization lobbied to legislative bodies to create anti-lynching laws and eradicate injustice in its first 20 years. However, in the 1930s, the NAACP established a Legal Defense and Education Fund to fight legal battles in court. Headed by Charles Hamilton Houston, the fund created a strategy of dismantling segregation in education.   1948   Thurgood Marshall’s strategy of fighting segregation is endorsed by the NAACP Board of Directors.  Marshall’s strategy included tackling segregation in education. 1952 Several school segregation cases, which had been filed in states such as Delaware, Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Washington DC, are combined under Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. By combining these cases under one umbrella shows the national significance. 1954 The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously rules to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson. The ruling argued that the racial segregation of public schools is a violation of the 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause. 1955 Several states refused to implement the decision. Many even consider it, â€Å"[N]ull, void, and no effect† and begin establishing laws arguing against the rule. As a result, the U.S. Supreme Court issues a second ruling, also known as Brown II. This ruling mandates that desegregation must occur â€Å"with all deliberate speed.† 1958 Arkansas’ governor, as well as lawmakers, refuse to desegregate schools. In the case, Cooper v. Aaron  the U.S. Supreme Court remains steadfast by arguing that states must obey its rulings as it is an interpretation of the U.S. Constitution.