Short Research Proposal On Fear Of Crime

Preoperative Hair Removal Carried Out As Skin Preparation Nursing Essay

Preoperative Hair Removal Carried Out As Skin Preparation Nursing Essay Customarily preoperative hair evacuation has been completed as skin arrangement strategy to diminish presentation to microscopic organisms which may prompt careful site diseases (SSI) (Gottrup et al 2005). SSIs are characterized by Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as shallow, profound entry point and organ contamination. As per Miller (2001) hair has been evacuated for such explanation as wound asepsis, reasonable situation of swathes, and access to usable site and exact estimation of wound edges. In spite of the fact that preoperative hair evacuation has been by and by since eighteenth century its effect on the injury site has been under dispute and in this manner pulled in the creators enthusiasm for looking for methods of hair expulsion without skin harm. Anyway there are worries that hair expulsion increments as opposed to diminishes contamination, in an examination completed by Astegnau et al (2001) to recognize mortality and bleakness identified with careful site disease recom mended that shaving expanded the danger of disease by encouraging colonization of microorganisms in the working site. Numerous associations, Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses (AORN2006) and Association for Perioperative Practice (AFPP2007) have moved away from hair evacuation. There is no lucidity in writing with respect to the beginning of preoperative hair evacuation, yet analysts finish up to the way that the specialists of the time accepted that injuries may recuperate all the more rapidly if hair could be kept from getting ensnared in the stitches and twisted during conclusion (Miller et al 2001). Shaving with a razor validated the development of preoperative hair expulsion in a precise writing survey by Kjonnisken et al (2002) as a built up training dependent on suspicion of forestalling careful site contamination. Some different strategies, electric cut-out and depilatory creams have been featured as having lower postoperative injury contamination rates. Hair is related with poor cleanliness propensities since it harbors microorganisms and expelling it is thought to lessen careful diseases (Kumar 2002). Hair expulsion is finished by shaving with either a razor or a scissors which are accepted to cause both obvious and infinitesimal wounds (Briggs1997). The harm brought about by a razor or a scissors can discharge greenery giving access to serous exudates on which smaller scale life forms may develop (Small 1996). Skin is constantly a chasing ground for microorganisms. When the skins defensive boundary is decreased principally by a specialists entry point, microorganisms can conceivably debase the injury. Loius Pasteur in affirmation of the current comprehension into the universe of disease estimated in his germ hypothesis that undetectable microorganisms could cause careful contamination on the off chance that they picked up passage through the messed up skin (Fogg 2003). A national review in 2004 proposes that careful site contaminations builds patients medical clinic remain, and expands medicinal services cost by postponing wound mending, this causes major physical restrictions and decreased personal satisfaction (Whitehouse et al 2002). On the off chance that happening after release the patient is probably going to be readmitted which is a weight to the patient and can even reason passing (Plowman 2000). Careful site contaminations happens inside 30 days after medical procedure, oozes discharge and shows one of the accompanying manifestations torment, confined growing and redness as per the Center for Disease Control (1999). While once acknowledged as a standard practice for surgeries, hair evacuation is currently being considered in incredible profundity in the examination. This exposition will audit the job of hair expulsion in the perioperative setting and its effect on careful site contaminations. The creator will talk about research with respect to medical caretakers and specialists information on suggested rules on hair expulsion strategies, examination and timing of hair evacuation techniques and their relationship to occurrences of careful site contaminations. Catchphrases utilized for the inquiry are preoperative skin arrangement, hair expulsion, preoperative razor shaving, electric section, depilatory creams and careful site contaminations. The databases used were CINAHL, Cochraine database of precise surveys, Health Source Nursing and Allied Health Science. The examinations were done in USA, UK, Canada and Turkey. Hair Removal Methods Razor shaving is the least expensive and most ordinarily utilized hair expulsion technique (Tanner et al. 2007). Utilizing a sharp cutting edge held with the leader of the razor that is attracted to the patients skin to trim hair near the skin surface. Razor shaving increments bacterial contamination rates (Basevi Lavender 2001). Another technique involves the utilization of scissors that utilizations fine teeth to evacuate hair near the skin leaving stubble of generally one millimeter long. Heads are expendable and handles are sanitized between patients to limit danger of cross disease (Tanner et al. 2006). A further technique is the utilization of depilatory creams that uses synthetic substances, which breaks down the patients hair. Cream must be in contact with the hair for between 5-20 minutes. A fix test ought to be completed 24 hours before utilizing the cream as certain patients can create hypersensitive responses and some have touchy skins (Kjonnisken et al .2002). Mill operator et al. (2001) led a review study looking at all patients who experienced intracranial techniques in the last two and half years where hair was not shaved, to patients done three and half years back that were shaved, to decide if no hair expulsion increment post usable disease rate. Results were reported as minor, moderate and serious. Of the 250 subjects utilized 150 patients were not shaved and 7% created post usable injury contamination contrasted with 6.6% diseases in the shaved gathering. There was no measurable importance in these discoveries however the example size is huge for a hierarchical setting anyway the finding couldn't be summed up dependent on this number. An exploratory investigation was performed on 82 patients who experienced stomach medical procedure between November 30th May 2005 to decide the impact of preoperative hair evacuation on post employable injury contamination. Patients were told the point of the examination and they marked assents. Incor poration measures were patients who had not been hospitalized inside the most recent 30 days and didnt have contaminations while being conceded. Control bunch with 39 patients were razor shaved and on 43 for study bunch scissors were utilized. Patients were watched for indications of SSI two days post operatively and 7% of the investigation bunch created SSI contrasted with 25.6 % in the benchmark group. The outcomes are measurably noteworthy yet the example size is little and the way that stomach medical procedures are seen dirtier than lower appendages makes discoveries difficult to sum up anyway the time span and the examination configuration used would have empowered the foundation of meticulousness for the discoveries to be solid. The examination take-up in this manner will be better with an expanded example size. Despite the fact that the most recent investigations are supporting hair cutting (Tanner et al 2006). (Boyce Pittet 2002), additional examinations should be done. A twofold visually impaired forthcoming examination was completed between 2000-2004 for all patients experiencing spinal medical procedure (Celik et al. 2007 ) to decide the impact of razor shaving and expanded pace of postoperative site contamination contrasted with no hair expulsion. The shaved gathering comprised of 371 subjects and the unshaved gathering included 418 subjects. Patients were completely educated about the investigation and assents acquired. The subjects were arbitrarily allotted by pre-careful shaving status. Prohibition models included patients with skin conditions skin break out, furuncle and sebaceous pimple, patients with healthful insufficiency and ailments like diabetes and malignant growth. Same skin arrangements were done in the two gatherings. The two subjects got prophylactic anti-infection agents. Postoperatively, the two gatherings were watched for indications of contamination redness expanding and purulent release and bloods taken to check erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Contamination was higher in the shaved gathering (p=.01) 4 patients in a shaved gathering (1.07%) created disease and in just 1 patient in the unshaved gathering (0.23%). The discoveries propose that preoperative hair expulsion increments postoperative contaminations. This examination was morally affirmed and both procedure and point were clear and succinct. These all affirm its unwavering quality anyway giving anti-infection agents during strategies may cover the outcomes making the investigation be problematic. A randomized control study was led by (Menendez et al. 2004) expecting to survey the impacts of preoperative shaving of pubic hair on postoperative bacterium after urological medical procedure. An example size of 300 patients was utilized. 149 patients were shaved and 151 were not shaved. In the two gatherings pee tests were taken for culture before being given prophylactic anti-microbial and again at multi week before the catheter was expelled. In the shaved gathering 19.5% created disease when contrasted with 16.6% in the non-shaved gathering. The thing that matters was seen not as measurably critical. The outcomes depended on testing pee tests than in the injuries making the investigation invalid. There is no lucidity about moral contemplations and if the point and motivation behind the examination was disclosed to the subjects and whether the assent acquired was educated. The prophylactic organization of the anti-toxins makes the examination to be temperamental and not legitimate . In Cochraine coordinated effort audit information Tanner et al. (2007) led eleven randomized controlled preliminaries to assess the impacts of routine preoperative hair evacuation with razor rather than no hair expulsion in postoperative disease. The creators reasoned that there is no adequate proof to demonstrate that hair evacuation causes an expanded danger of careful site diseases. Anyway the examination recommended the utilization of scissors or depilatory cream when important to evacuate hair with a thought that the two techniques brings about less careful site contaminations. Correlation of hair evacuation strategies Trussell et al. (2008) led a thirty n

Presentation Topics For Students in School

Presentation Topics For Students in SchoolPresentation topics for students in school are extremely important. This is so because, if it is handled properly, the student can be greatly benefited by the process. Not only will the student gain from the information but they can also be taught new ideas and concepts that can enhance their future career. Here are some tips on how to choose presentation topics for students in school.For starters, students should know that every teacher and school in the country have specific syllabus that should be followed. Each school has its own topics that students should study. These topics are specified in every class curriculum and they are designed to be included in each unit. So when the students are assigned a topic, they need to pick out the one that they feel most comfortable with. This will make it easier for them to study because they will be spending more time on the subject.If they cannot determine which subject is more suitable, then the st udents should ask their teachers. They can make suggestions based on their experience in teaching. These ideas should also be confirmed before teachers present the assignment to the students. It is not fair to the students if they are given a subject that they do not feel comfortable with.After all is said and done, the students should then decide on the type of material they want to learn so that they can write about in their such assignment. The subjects include math, English, science, social studies, and other various subjects that are needed to help the students learn new concepts in a fun way. This is so because, it would be difficult for them to learn new things if they have to sit down every day and do nothing but study.There are many different types of topics that the students can choose from depending on their interests. For example, there are topics that involve students in a sports team. When this is done, the students are more likely to have fun and be active while doing the research. They can even be made to work hard in the class in order to get better grades.There are many different types of topics that are available in the market today. As a result, students can go ahead and choose any topic that they want to learn. The topic could be related to geography, history, or any other subjects that are interesting to them. In this way, they can have fun while learning something new.But it is not always easy to come up with your own presentation topics for students in school. Teachers have often times spent a lot of time and effort in teaching students the subject. If they cannot find a topic that is appealing to them, they may feel bored and frustrated because they did not find anything to get them interested in the topic. For this reason, they may lose interest in the subject.One way to overcome this problem is to choose an interesting topic that will get the students excited about the topic. This can be done through creating a new format that will a llow the students to speak about their ideas. By presenting it in a humorous way, they can help get the students to feel as if they are taking part in a presentation.

Essay on Traditions of Qin Han, China - 652 Words

Traditions of Qin Han, China The Qin dynasty created the first unified Chinese empire. They did this by utilizing a legalistic approach to government. The Qin believed that the nature of mankind is inherently evil and only through a strict code of laws with severe punishment could the government achieve reliability and stability. Because the emperor feared the people and the inherent rights and privileges established with the teachings of Confucus, he ordered all books on Confucianism burned and beheaded everyone opposed to the government including their families. All weapons owned by private citizens were confiscated; the metal from these weapons were used to cast the gigantic metal statutes and bells that adorned the imperial†¦show more content†¦After fifteen years of rule this dynasty was overthrown by the Han dynasty. Legalism without the balance of humanism creates fear, low self worth, tension and a displaced value system. Although the Qin government was condemned for its Totalitarian rule, the Han and later dynasties adopted many of the government institutions established by the Qin. The Imperial authority served as a bureaucracy, an administration of provinces and counties supervised by imperial inspectors and the separation of civil and military branches of the government. The Han dynasty rule represented the high point of Chinese culture in the east. The intellectual and cultural foundations were a powerful influence on Korea, Vietnam and Japan. In restoring Confucianism to China, the Han government put their faith in the good of humanity. Under this system moral living by the people was paramount in the health of the government. The people were punished fairly (punishment fit the crime) for wrong doing but were encouraged to treat each other fairly, honor your parents, teachers, bosses, and governmental leaders. As an upper class, commoner or slave you were all important to the success of the government. Strength of the people and increased knowledge were s tressed to create a more stable viable society. Each class of people had their place in the government and should not aspire to reach anyShow MoreRelatedThe Unification Of China And Han Dynasty873 Words   |  4 Pages The unification of China was under the dynasties Qin and Han. There were formed schools of thought called Confucians, Daoists, and Legalists. These school of thoughts worked to bring political and social stability to China during the rule of the late Zhou dynasty which were chaotic years. Legalist principles and imposed centralized imperial rule were adopted by rulers of the Qin and Han dynasties. Political stability was the foundation of economic prosperity for the Han dynasty. There was a searchRead MoreLegalism and Confucianism in the Han Dyansty1670 Words   |  7 Pagesforeign to most dynasties of early China. In early Chinese times, after the Period of the Warring States, two ideologies emerged: Legalism and Confucianism. Legalism stressed a strong central go vernment that expressed harsh laws while Confucianism had a decentralized government, placing trust in conscientious and learned individuals to work together to solve political issues. These two schools of thought were in stark contrast to each other and, up until the Han dynasty, had never been combined withRead MoreEssay on Formation of the Chinese Civilization767 Words   |  4 PagesCivilization The Chinese civilization was first started during the Xia (2200 BCE-1750 BCE). This it during this era that Chinese people would start to improve upon previous Civilizations. In this essay will see how China progressed throughout history to what it has become based on the their ability to learn from other civilizations and improve upon their own. Agriculture was the bases for all civilizations. They learned ways to cultivateRead MoreEngineer Wonders of the Qin and Han Dynasties to The Roman Empire851 Words   |  3 PagesI have been fortunate enough through my travels to have trans versed the Great Wall of China, which was constructed by Qin Shihuang in order to unify the six states, he ordered General Meng Tian to connect the existing walls and to extend them further as a front line defense against possible invasion, it was an exhilarating experience, the piece of the wall I started to ascend, it was extremely steep with four levels, the configuration of the wall was unusual, in the design of the steps, they wereRead MoreChinese Philosophy Essay1408 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophies, Ancient China was in a state of complete chaos. The duration of anarchy was named The Warring States Period, a period in which small feuding kingdoms or fiefdoms struggled for supremacy. It took place in the Zhou dynasty from 403 bc . to 221bc. The period was dominated by seven or more small feuding Chinese kingdoms. It was the age of Confucian thinkers Mencius and Xunzi, and the time when many of the government institutions and cultural patterns that would characterize China for the next 2Read MoreThe Trade Networks And The Persian Civilizations1123 Words   |  5 Pagesfacilitate commercial activities, and linking lands from India to Egypt in a vast commercial zone. Religions spread along the trade networks. Religious and cultural traditions were transformed as they spread. The spread of disease pathogens diminished urban populations and contributed to the decline of some empires (such as Rome or China). A spread of crops, including sugar, rice, and cotton from south Asia to the Middle East encouraged changes in farming and irrigation techniques (such as the developmentRead MoreHow China s Isolation Affected Itself?2161 Words   |  9 Pagesaffected itself? What traditions did the Chinese develop? Patterns in Classical China What dynasties were widely known in China? What has the Zhou dynasty accomplished? What were the alliances like? What became of the Yangtze River Valley? What did the Zhou dynasty work to do? Qin Dynasty Who took over after the fall of the Zhou dynasty? What accomplishments were made during the Qin dynasty? Han Dynasty What was accomplished in the Han dynasty? Read MoreYin And Yang : What Do The Chinese? Believe About Nature?3063 Words   |  13 Pagesin the classical period, for China? Name all of them in order When did the Zhou dynasty start to decline? What were the people who received land from the ruler supposed to give the government in return for the land? What was the main reason the Zhou dynasty in decline? What was the standard spoken language in China during this time called? Who was the person who gave China its name? What was built to help protect Northern China from invaders? 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Although Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism had a few things in common and at times tried to resolve the same problem, they were very different from each other in their beliefs, character, and ways of life. Confucianism was founded by the first Chinese

Behavioral Indicators Of Sexual Abuse Essay - 1772 Words

Behavioral indicators of sexual abuse include: ï€ ¾ Inappropriate relationship between victim and suspected abuser ï€ ¾ Avoidance of a caretaker or other member of community ï€ ¾ Inappropriate, unusual, or aggressive sexual behavior ï€ ¾ Avoiding activities that you usually help with, like changing clothes or bathing Financial Exploitation/Abuse Financial abuse references the exploitation of an elderly person’s assets, income, or other resources. This is a very common form of elderly abuse, since the elderly may be wealthy from a lifetime of saving, vulnerable from diminishing mental capacity, and/or trusting because of their reliance on others. The following are some of the more common types of financial abuse (cons, scams, and fraud are covered separately, in the next section). Financial abuse of the elderly comes in many, many forms. It may include: ï€ ¾ Directly taking money or property by stealing from their purse, wallet, or home ï€ ¾ The abuser writing a check themselves ï€ ¾ Withdrawing funds from an ATM or bank account ï€ ¾ Cashing checks and then keeping a portion or all of the funds ï€ ¾ Forging the elderly person’s signature for financial gain ï€ ¾ Stealing their identity to take out credit cards or other debt ï€ ¾ Getting an older person to change their will, or turn over power of attorney through deception or coercion ï€ ¾ Having an elderly person sign over property for exploitative purposes ï€ ¾ Using the their property without permission, like renting out their second home ï€ ¾ Taking paymentShow MoreRelatedSexual Exploitation And Assault Of A Minor892 Words   |  4 PagesThe sexual exploitation or assault of a minor is the definition of childhood sexual abuse (Burns, Dunn, Brady, Starr Blosser, 2013). 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The victims that are affected by physical abuse are not classified by any type ofRead MoreDifferent Types Of Abuses During The United States1736 Words   |  7 PagesDifferent Types of Abuses The advances in medicine have greatly benefitted the world at large. This can be seen largely in both the mortality and longevity rate which have dramatically increased as a result of medical advances. No other demographics have profited from these medical breakthrough than the senior citizen or the elderly particularly in the United States. The National Center on Elder Abuse which is a part of the Department of Health and Human Services notes by 2050, people of the agesRead MorePhysical Indicators Of Sexual Abuse1235 Words   |  5 Pagesbe coerced into lying to protect the abuser. (Indicators of Abuse) Physical Indicators of sexual abuse can be harder to see than those of physical abuse this is because most often, if there are any physical signs they are hidden. 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BODY: MAIN POINT 1: Lets explore what exactly domestic violence is.  · Domesticviolence.org Defines Domestic Violence and emotional abuse as behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control, gain or maintain power over the other. Partners may be married or not married; heterosexual, gay, or lesbian; living together, separated or dating. -- As defined by the Collins EnglishRead MoreNVQ Level 3 - princples of safeguarding and protection in health and social care1451 Words   |  5 Pagescare. 1.1 Physical abuse is when someone hits you or hurts your body. Sexual abuse is when someone touches your body in a way you do not like, sexual abuse can also be when someone wants you to touch them or to wanting you to have sex with them when you don’t want to. Emotional abuse is when someone keeps saying hurtful things that upset you. Financial abuse is when someone takes your money or belongings from you without your permission, someone who is committing financial abuse may also force youRead MoreSexual Elderly Abuse And Mistreatment1412 Words   |  6 Pages Sexual Elderly Abuse Mistreatment When I first started the research on sexual elderly abuse I know that it happens but didn’t know the extent of the finding until now how much emotional, physical, sexual, and financial mistreatment and potential neglect that our elderly endure. Elder sexual abuse is understudied and rarely understood. It is difficult to seek justice for elderly sexual abuse because the victims are over the age of 60 and frequently have medical conditions such as loss of memoryRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children895 Words   |  4 PagesAbuse is an issue that has been and is still currently prevalent in our society today. Abuse is defined as, â€Å"the use of force in order to try to dominate a child, to compel him/her to do dangerous things that he/she does not want to do, expose him/her to hazardous situations perceive by him/her as dangerous† (Rus Galabeaza, 2013). Child abuse in particular, is a common issue that occurs in families of all backgrounds. There are several types of abuse, which include: physical, emotional, and sexual

Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls free essay sample

Oprah Winfrey, a born heroin Introduction: The word hero means a lot of things to different people. To some, a hero is like the main character in a movie who saves people in danger, who protect them and who submits himself in a difficult and dangerous situation Just to help other people in trouble. But what makes a hero? What are the characteristics of a hero and how one becomes a hero? I. Characteristics of a hero I have identified three main characteristics of a hero and these are courage, perseverance and decisiveness. Miriam Polster wrote in her article Eves Daughter published by Gestalt Journal Press in 2001, the Five Shared Characteristic of Heroism and identified courage as one of the most particular trait of being a hero. To quote, It is almost redundant to say that heroism requires courage, both physical and mental; personal cost takes a backseat to getting the Job done. The traditional hero often risks death or injury. A person shows courage in times where situation is dangerous and difficult and this quality enables a person to face a danger without showing fear and oftentimes the urpose is to fght for the cause of other people, thus making him a hero. Perseverance on the other hand demonstrate a persons determination and to be able to bear difficulties calmly without complaining. Lastly, decisiveness gives a person the quality to lead others, make decisions firmly and fght for it no matter what. II. Oprah Winfrey as my hero Oprah Winfrey is a very popular TV personality in US whose fame reached all over the world because of her philanthropic acts. I consider her a hero/heroin for so many things but most importantly because of her courage, perseverance and decisiveness o overcome her unfortunate life as a child yet did not stop her from helping other people of different kinds and races. Despite her status on life, she remained humble and down to earth. A lot of publication about Oprah Winfreys life had been published and it described her horrible experience during her childhood. Born to young unwed parents, it was her grandmother who took care of her until the age of six. She was taken back by her mother however the difficulties begun when she was repeatedly abused sexually by her cousin, uncle and other relatives. This made her stubborn, angry and always running from home. At the custody of her father, Oprah got pregnant at the age of 14 and delivered an immature baby boy who died 2 weeks after. This might have turned her life around as she promised herself to stand up and start a new life. IV. Career and Professional Life Ever since she was in her younger years, she demonstrated her interests in reading books and media in general so with the help of her father, she landed a Job as a reporter in a radio station and continued to pursue a career in television roadcasting. Finally, she started her first TV show in 1976 entitled People Are Talking. Being a good-natured person, she constantly won the hearts of her audience and topped the ratings even when she moved to Chicago and hosted her own morning program. In 1986, she started the Oprah Winfrey Show and until today Oprah continued to be the most watched program in the world as her stories captured the sensibilities of all people, mostly ordinary ones. V. Major Works: Philanthropy Being a celebrity comes with responsibility. Famous people have the power to nfluence, help and touch the lives of others. As she climb up in her career, Oprah decided to establish a foundation called Oprahs Angel Network to encourage people to make a difference in the lives of others. Being exposed with people who she knew were capable of giving and sharing their blessings, Oprah became a significant bridge. According to the Angel network website, the foundation spreads its help not only in the US but also in Africa and Asia working on different aspects mostly on children and womens welfare. Projects include providing better education, giving of books, food, shelter, Justice, peace, empowerment of women among others. In her official biography published in her website www. oprah. om, she is described as a philanthropist and known for her commitment to children. During a December 2000 visit with Nelson Mandela, Oprah pledged to build a school Leadership Academy Foundation, to which she has contributed more than $40 million toward the creation of the Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls†South Africa, which opened in January 2007. Aside from this foundation, Oprah also supports other charities even if it is not affiliated with the Angel Network and additio nally working on her private foundation donating her personal money. VI. Future Plans Earlier this year, Oprah announced that this year would be the final year for her show that saddened a lot o people. But talks of her starting her own network next year was also a probability. One thing is sure however and this is her continuous work on her passion- helping other people. This shows her perseverance to share all the blessings she gained. In ne of her interview, she said that doing charity is her way of life and nobody can ever stop her from doing it. VI. Conclusion Heroes are known for their courage, perseverance and decisiveness and they are usually honored because of the extraordinary things they do to help others. Oprah is a classic example of this. But we have to remember that a lot of people though can be a hero in their own little way. As long as their intention is pure and they are willing to sacrifice, fight for what is right and make a difference in the lives of other people, then they too can be our heroes.

The Evolution of Apple January 1976 to May 1995 Essay Example For Students

The Evolution of Apple January 1976 to May 1995 Essay Lets take a trip back in time and review the evolution of a computer company. Its not IBM or Microsoft. This company is Apple Computers, Incorporated. In the year 1976, before most people even thought about buying a computer fortheir homes. Back then the computer community added up to a few brainyhobbyist. So when Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs sold a van and two programmablecalculators for thirteen hundred dollars and started Apple Computers, Inc., inJobs garage, the reach for success seemed far. We will write a custom essay on The Evolution of Apple January 1976 to May 1995 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But these two young business men, Wozniak 26 years old and Jobs 21 years old,had a vision. Computers arent for nerds anymore, they announced. Computersare going to be the bicycle of the mind. Low cost computers for everyone.From the first day on the founders of Apple kept their vision intact, and theyspoke it at every turn. They only hired people into the company that had thesame visions as they did. In early 1976 Wozniak and Jobs finish work on a preassembled computer circuitboard. It has no Product keyboard, case, sound or graphics. They call it theApple I. They form the Apple Computer Company on April Fools Day and sold theApple I board for $666.66 at the Home brew Computer Club in Palo Alto,California. In 1977 the Apple II is available to the general public. Fully assembled andpretested, it includes 4K of standard memory, and comes equipped with two gamepaddles and a demo cassette. The price is $1,298. Customers use their own TVset as a monitor and store programs on audio cassette recorders. Compare thisprice with computers today. The price about the same, but the computer haschanged tremendously. In 1979 Apple II+ is introduced, available with 48K of memory and a newauto-start ROM for easier startup and screen editing for $1,195. Apple IIPascal is also released. In 1980 Apple FORTRAN introduced and proves to be a catalyst for high-leveltechnical and educational applications. Apple III announced at the NationalComputer Conference. It has a new operating system, a built-in disk controllerand four peripheral slots priced at $3,495, the Apple III is the most advancedsystem in the companys history. ProductIn 1981 Accessory Products Division formed to handle production of printers,modems and other peripherals. The Apple Language Card is introduced. It allowsApple II users to run programs in either Pascal, FORTRAN or Pilot. The IEEE-488interface card is announced and allows Apple II computers to be linked to over1,400 scientific and technical instruments. International Business Machines came on the PC scene in August of 1981 with theIBM Personal Computer. Apple greets its new competitor with a full-page ad inthe Wall Street Journal with a headline that reads, Welcome IBM. Seriously.Apples first mass storage system was also introduced this year, the 5MBProFile hard disk, priced at $3,499. In November of 1983 AppleWorks, an integrated package containing wordprocessing, spreadsheet, and database applications all in one, is introducedand will soon become the worlds best selling software. In February of 1985 Jobs and Wozniak receive National Technology Medal fromPresident Reagan at the White House. The ImageWriter II, HD-20 hard disk andApple Personal Modem were also introduced this year. In January of 1987 Apple introduced a new desktop communications productsincluding the AppleShare file server software and AppleTalk PC Card. They arepriced at $799 and $399. Also introduced in 1987 is the AppleFax Modem, pricedat $699. Now you get a fax modem with the purchase of an Apple computer. .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac , .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .postImageUrl , .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac , .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:hover , .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:visited , .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:active { border:0!important; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:active , .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaa186a8a5b4a0362faea542ab2ad89ac:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: On the Roads optimism EssayIn February of 1988 Apple introduces AppleCD SC, an optical storage device thatgives access to huge amounts of information. Priced at $1,199, a single CD-ROMdisc can store up to 270,000 pages of typewritten information. Also in 1988Apple files suit against Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard to protect its Macintoshaudio visual display. The lawsuit is seen as having industry wide implicationsregarding copyright laws. In late 1988 Apple introduces the Macintosh IIxcomputer, priced at $7,769. It is the first Macintosh II computer to useMotorolas 68030 microprocessor and 68882 math co-processor. It is also thefirst Macintosh to incorporate FDHD, Floppy Dr ive High Density, Apples new1.44MB floppy disk drive that can read and write to MS-DOS, OS/2 and ProDOSformats. Also a new configuration is announced for the Macintosh SE. The newunit features two megabytes of RAM and an internal 40 megabyte hard drive. Itretails for $5,069. From April till July of 1989